Network, where is it located and how does it work? These are the main questions that will be explored in this article.

Why is it necessary?

An adapter is equipment that ensures the functioning of the network at the data link and physical levels. It is classified as a peripheral device. It directly interacts with the data transmission medium. The adapter successfully solves the problem of reliable transfer of binary data over external communication lines. Since it is a computer controller, it carries out its work under the control of the driver installed in the operating system. The network adapter is mounted in the motherboard socket. It converts the parallel codes used in a computer into a stream of powerful signals that transmit data over a network. Therefore, they are required to be compatible with the network operating system and the information bus of the PC itself. How to install a network adapter on the motherboard?

Settings

We have looked at what a network adapter is, now we can consider its preparation for operation. If it meets the PnP standard, then the configuration occurs automatically. Otherwise, you need to manually work with the interrupt request line and I/O address.

Functions

We looked at what a network adapter is and how it is configured, and now let's talk about the tasks that are solved when sending or receiving messages. There are nine in total:

1. Conducted with or. Pulse transformers are mainly used for this purpose, although optocouplers can also be used.
2. Transmission (reception) of data. They come from RAM to the adapter or from it to the computer memory thanks to input/output and direct access channels.
3. Buffering. Used to match the speed at which data is transferred from or to the adapter with how it is transmitted over the network. Also, while information is being processed, it is stored in a buffer. It allows the adapter to work with the entire package of information. Also, thanks to the adapter, the data processing speeds of various LAN components are coordinated with each other.
4. Package formation. The network adapter must divide the data into separate blocks in transmission mode (or they are collected during reception) in order to then format them as a frame of a certain format. It will be composed of several service fields, which indicate the address of the recipient’s computer, as well as the frame checksum, which is used by the device to conclude whether the delivered information is correct.
5. Access to Also within its “jurisdiction” is a set of rules with which you can get the opportunity to work with the transmission medium. In addition, the adapter detects conflict situations and monitors the state of the network.
6. Identification of your address in the package that is accepted. It can be determined by the setting of switches, flashed into the PROM, or stored in a special register.
7. Converts parallel code into serial code when transmitting data, and it converts it back when receiving it. There is a small exception to this. When the data transmission mode is active, information is transmitted over the communication channel in serial code.
8. Data encoding/decoding. At this stage, electrical signals are generated and used to represent information. In most cases, Manchester encoding is used. This method does not require a clock signal to be transmitted to recognize 1s and 0s. In this case, polarity reversal is used.
9. Reception or transmission of data pulses.

Also network adapters when working with the necessary software can recognize and handle an error that occurs due to poor hardware performance, collisions, or electrical interference.

Base address

Also called physical. Some network adapters can use RAM computer as a buffer to store outgoing and incoming data packets.

The base address in this case is a hexadecimal number that indicates where the information is located.

Classification by access methods to protocols and environment

There are three main types of adapter used:

1. Ethernet.
2. FDDI.
3. Token Ring.

Typically, a certain model only works on its own network technology. But at the same time they can usually support several different data transmission media.

For example, Ethernet works with:

1. Unshielded twisted pair cable.
2. Coaxial cable.

When a device must work with an environment for which it was not originally intended, converters and transceivers are used. Network adapters are also distinguished by their internal data bus:

1. EISA.

By what parameters can network adapters be classified?

In addition to the above, the following can also be used:

1. Tire type.
2. Buffer size for the packet.
3. Transmission speed.
4. Compatible with different microprocessors.
5. Bus performance.
6. Based on the presence/absence of direct memory access.
7. Connector design.
8. Addressing output/input ports and interrupt requests.

Physical implementation

Let's take a look at the network adapter for Windows 7 as an example. For the most part, they can be located on motherboard. But the TP-Link network adapter is out of bounds system unit.

This is not least due to its functionality (the ability to connect several computers and create Wi-Fi networks, that is, it also performs the function of a router and router). The latter feature allows the adapter to create even a small local network that unites all devices with the required interface within an accessible radius. You can also find a USB network adapter. It is usually offered to people by mobile network operators. The USB network adapter in this case looks like a flash drive, and it is connected in the same way. For data transmission, 2G or 3G Internet is used. These are the guises in which the network adapter for Windows 7 may appear before us. By the way, how is this device implemented in laptops? If we talk about the Asus network adapter, then it must be present in devices. The same applies to other laptops. The fact is that they are designed for use in various conditions, including mobile ones, when you have to work with everything.

Conclusion

So, we found out what a network adapter is, what types they are and how they are implemented in practice.

We also looked at an example of creating a local network with their help. In conclusion, it is worth saying that they can be found not only on home computers or laptops, but also on the servers of providers that provide Internet access to their users. Only here they are used as a transition gateway.

Recently my inpatient unit began to tenderly have my brain a permanent yellow triangle in the corner of the screen with the comment: network adapter "LAN connection" does not have acceptable parameters IP. All this happened on my Windows system 7 Ultimatum x32 (and later on x64).
In general, I will tell you about possible reasons and how to get rid of them.

Part 1. Reasons.

In order to decide right away and not read a lot of unnecessary letters in this topic, I will divide it into similar paragraphs:
1 - The problem arose when purchasing a “fresh” laptop.
2 - The problem occurred after using your machine for a long time and network cable respectively.
3 - The problem arose after changing the provider. (It happens if it’s not worth it... At the provider. (joke, of course). If you don’t have a checkbox when automatically changing network parameters, then you should probably check it? Also, if there is installation disk for the modem, we use it. He will configure your network as needed.)

Part 2. Consequences.

Let me now explain a little about all of the above.

Options for No. 1: The quality of the connector crimp, the quality of the connection in the network adapter, Windows is not friendly with your network card (this is rare, but it happens)
Options for No. 2: Connector crimp quality only. Less commonly, a network card slot (it’s almost impossible to break it apart)
Options for #3: Settings network connection when switching to a new provider, they remained the same. (This can happen if the setting is not checked for " Automatic update settings").

Part 3. How to treat.

Treatment No. 1:

1.1) Let's start with a simple and understandable method for any “lamo”: if something is not clear, rearrange Windows. This method is not always effective, because the issue may not only be due to some settings or registry that you do not understand, but, for example, to a bad network cable.
1.2) Reset tcp/ip protocol settings to default using avz

Treatment No. 2:

2.1) If you dig deeper, you can open the settings for our network connection in the Network Control Center. But without solid experience, I advise you not to go there and not poke anything there, because you can get so clever that then a specialist will clear it out with great difficulty.
2.2) Everything is done much simpler: look at the network connection indicator on the network card. If the green LED lights up steadily and the orange one next to it blinks, the option of a damaged power cord disappears immediately.
2.3) It is also possible that you connect to the network of a provider that authorizes clients by MAC address, but the laptop has a different MAC. In this case, you need to register the MAC manually and everything will work.
2.4) In the Windows Vista/7 operating system, a BROADCAST flag is added to DHCP packets, which may not be processed by all devices.
To solve this problem, it is proposed to disable the DHCP BROADCAST flag by editing the registry.

Treat No. 3:

3.1) Either your network is manually assigning IPs, or you have a problem with the cable (wrong crimp or break). You should register the IP manually (if you know which one it is), or check the box to automatically change parameters.
3.2) When connecting 3 conductors out of 4 necessary Windows recognizes the cable as connected, so double-check your network cable.

If the network cable is ok and we DO NOT want to be treated:
In CMD with administrator rights, enter: netsh winsock reset, reboot the system. After reboot: netsh ip reset

You may need to configure your network again. Before starting, do not forget to rewrite the network settings.

If all of the above methods do not help, contact a specialist at the service center computer equipment, most likely you will be asked to change the network card/network cable.

ZY: I solved “my” trouble by simply replacing the damaged power cord. From the symptoms of a past illness: After starting the computer, the Internet works fine, and after a few minutes it loses the connection from the cable and a sign appears from the name of the topic. Thanks everyone, bye everyone. Bye =)

@music: Al Bizzare – Record Club #22 (05-09-2012)

Before we talk about network adapters for local networks , you need to decide what a network is. The term, which has come into use and is encountered quite often in everyday practice, implies the presence of a certain group of computers that, using special equipment, are interconnected into a single functional and information whole. This connection can be direct (point-to-point connection) or using additional communication nodes.

Networks can be of different types. A local network is a network connection of several computers within a certain limited space (this could be an apartment, office, business center, industrial premises). Within the local network, interaction between computers and programs is ensured.

To provide building a local network different ones are used types of network equipment. One of the most important types of such equipment is a network adapter (network card). The main task of a network adapter within a local network is to connect a computer and a network cable. The adapter converts the information that is intended to be sent into special packets. The packets themselves are nothing more than some logical combination of data that allows direct information to be transported from the sending address to the destination of this data
.
The so-called MAC address is built into the chip of any network card. This is a physical address that allows access to the transmission medium.

If we talk about a certain functional and operational sequence of actions of a network adapter, we can highlight:

Receiving information from operating system and converting it into electrical signals for further sending along the cable.

Receiving electrical signals over a cable and converting them back into data that the operating system can work with,

Determining whether the received data packet is intended specifically for this computer,

Controlling the flow of information that passes between a computer and a network.

Installing a network adapter(correct installation) presupposes a certain level of knowledge and understanding of the logic of actions. In the century information technologies You can find a lot of information on the Internet. However, nothing can replace direct experience network adapter installation.

Our specialists service center have rich experience building local networks different levels and configurations, installation of network cards (network adapters) any kind. By contacting our company, you can fully rely on the qualifications and professionalism of our employees.