The transition to digital broadcasting of all-Russian mandatory public channels should take place in October 2018. It will be preceded by a broad information campaign next spring, Deputy Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation Alexei Volin said at a meeting on May 16 in the Federation Council.
The transition to digital television is taking place within the framework of the program "Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in Russia in 2009-2015". Upon its completion, 98 percent of Russians should have access to 20 TV channels included in two multiplexes.
“Ten years ago, the number of public channels depended on where a particular viewer lives. I represent the Republic of Tuva and I can say that so far only the First Channel is received in its remote parts, and the quality of the picture leaves much to be desired, ”said Lyudmila Narusova, member of the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation and State Building.
The parliamentarian recalled that the date of transition to digital broadcasting was repeatedly postponed.
In addition, senators are worried about whether there will be "white spots" in Russia - territories where analog broadcasting has gone, and digital has not yet appeared.
In each subject of the Federation, digital terrestrial television stations will have to be reconstructed or built from scratch.
“We are talking about the world's largest program for the transfer to digital television,” Alexey Volin stated. According to the official, out of 5017 transmitting stations, 690 remained to be built in 12 regions. The first multiplex of 10 federal TV channels is already available to 95 percent of the population, and the second, "commercial" multiplex can be watched by 64.8 percent.
The first multiplex includes 10 federal TV channels.
1. First channel
2. Russia 1
3. Match TV
4. NTV
5. Channel five
6. Russia-Culture
7. Russia 24
8. Carousel
9. OTR
10. TV Center
TVs that support the required reception standard have been produced in Russia since 2012. Then the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications held a meeting with manufacturers, at which they informed them of the technical requirements for receiving a digital television signal.
More than half of the residents of small towns have the necessary equipment to receive a digital TV signal, said Viktor Pinchuk, First Deputy Director General of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network.
“If we take medium and small settlements, then 62 percent of the population is already ready to abandon the “analogue,” he said.
“From April-May 2018, we will launch a broad campaign to inform viewers about the transition to digital,” said the Deputy Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications. - It is very important to inform the population that the “X hour” will come when it is desirable to buy either a set-top box or a new TV. The ministry has already created headquarters for the transition to digital, their work will be activated at the beginning of 2018.
According to Alexei Volin, separate work is to be done with television companies in the regions, which are now network partners of the federal ones.
The “divorce” should take place without prejudice to regional companies,” the official believes.
To do this, at the beginning of the year, an expert council for regional television and radio broadcasting was created under the relevant ministry. Also, the transition to "digital" should not lead to the removal of frequencies from TV channels, since it is necessary to have a reserve for the further development of television broadcasting, for example, in the High Definition format.
Even after the transition to digital broadcasting, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications decided to allow analog TV channels to continue working, but the state will no longer have the obligation to subsidize the distribution of the analog signal of mandatory all-Russian public channels in cities with a population of less than 100,000 people.
“Our principled position is that the state will not forcefully turn off analog broadcasting,” Volin added. All those TV channels that want to continue analogue broadcasting will be able to do this at their own expense.
Speaking about the “white spots” mentioned by Lyudmila Narusova, Volin cited the Arkhangelsk region as an example. The operating 75 TV stations in this region cover 95 percent of subscribers. In order to provide the remaining five, it is necessary to build another 100. The deputy minister sees the way out in connecting to direct satellite broadcasting.
Recall that back in 2006, Russia signed an international agreement on the transition to digital television by 2015. Our country also undertook to turn off analog broadcasting where it interferes with digital broadcasting in neighboring states. The transition period ended on June 17, 2015. It was supposed to turn off analog TV in Russia in June last year, but then this date was postponed first to July 1, 2018, and then to October 2018.
After the appearance digital television many users wanted to switch to his reception. It's not just about frequent discussions and the desire to try something new. Signal quality is an order of magnitude higher, and ease of access increases attractiveness. It is possible to connect digital TV to outdated kinescope models with the help of additional devices, and to modern TVs.
Ways to receive a digital signal
There are several ways to connect a high-quality signal to a TV:
- Cable TV. Reception is carried out via a common cable. The downside is the subscription fee and not ubiquitous availability;
- Satellite television. Signal transmission is carried out through satellites, and reception is carried out using an individual dish. You also need a monthly fee plus the purchase of special equipment;
- Broadcast television. The digital TV signal is distributed from terrestrial repeaters, you can receive it from an antenna, indoor or outdoor. It's perfect free method watching TV shows in a modern format. It has disadvantages: often a low signal level, the quality of the picture can be affected by the weather, the location of the tower, etc.
The least expensive way is to receive digital television through an antenna installed and configured by the user.
How digital television works
The transmission of picture and sound for digital television is carried out by encoding the video signal and sound over digital channels. Digital encoding differs from analog in immunity to interference (external obstacles). A blurry, fuzzy picture, stripes are impossible here. The image is either clear or completely absent.
If the reception is uncertain, then perhaps the picture will break up into squares, disappear and reappear from time to time. It depends on how you set up the antenna. Alternatively, you can install a different antenna or raise and deploy the existing one, pointing at the TV tower.
Required viewing equipment
- Antenna;
- A separate set-top box with a DVB T2 tuner that supports the MPEG 4 standard and can operate in Multiple PLP mode.
Antenna can be used conventional analog. If the TV was released relatively recently, then it may have a built-in tuner of the desired format (the outdated DVB T format is no longer supported). Then you don't need to buy anything else.
To find out if there is a built-in DVB T2 tuner, you can look at the data in the data sheet. It is even easier to find a TV model on the Internet and get a comprehensive answer.
Selecting a digital tuner
At first glance everything set-top boxes are the same. The main thing is not to make mistakes in the main technical specifications. But there are other features that affect the further operation of the equipment and the breadth of functions covered:
- The absence of buttons on the external panel of the set-top box will oblige you to use it only with the remote control, which is not always convenient;
- If the tuner does not have a USB port, this technique cannot be used as a media player. If available, you can record TV shows and play photos, videos.
Important! A good choice is a set-top box with a separate power supply. It is usually built in. The most common cause of tuner failure is a power supply failure. If it breaks, you need to repair or replace the entire prefix, and the remote power supply must be replaced separately without problems.
Many hang the TV on the wall, and quite high. Then it is inconvenient to use the usual design of the prefix. There are equipment modifications - compact set-top boxes that are attached to the back of the TV with adhesive tape. The strength of the attachment must be considered. Such a receiver is controlled by a remote control through a separate sensor attached to the same adhesive tape on the outer panel of the TV. Power comes from the TV's USB port.
The set-top box can also be used in conjunction with a computer monitor (if there is an HDMI port). Then you can watch digital TV from a conventional antenna. If the built-in TV tuner fails, it can be easily replaced using the receiver.
What channels are available to watch
To watch free digital channels through a conventional antenna, the 2017 list contains two multiplexes:
- the first RTRS 1 - frequency 546 MHz, channel 30;
- the second RTRS 2 - frequency 498 MHz, channel 24.
Technical data are valid for Moscow and the region. They may differ in other regions. A total of twenty television channels and 3 more radio programs are available.
Important! TV does not pick up additional channels. Antenna tuning will not affect the number of received channels, but only their quality.
How to locate a TV tower
Users living in the city, in the signal reception area from the TV tower, are not puzzled by such questions. But for the inhabitants of remote towns and villages, the information is relevant. What knowledge is needed for the best choice and correct setting antennas:
- The exact location of the tower and the distance to it;
- Technical parameters (channels and broadcasting frequencies), using which you can catch a digital signal in a given area. This is necessary for the user to manually tune TV channels on the set-top box;
- Is the entire list of channels available for reception. There may be one or two packages.
Full information about the TV towers is on the official website of RTRS. There are maps where you need to enter the name of a particular settlement in the search bar. A map of the area will immediately open, on which all transmitting TV towers are indicated (green - operating, black - under construction). If you click on the cursor hovering over the selected village, information will be available on where and for how many kilometers operating transmitters are installed, channel numbers (TVK), broadcasting frequency, number of packages).
The active menu includes a function that allows you to find out the coverage areas of individual repeaters.
Now, armed with knowledge, it is necessary to determine whether it is enough to install an indoor antenna or whether an outdoor, more powerful one is required.
Antenna types
The analog signal is received at the MV antenna. DVB Antennas are more compact. There are combined samples capable of receiving both ranges. From such a combined design, unnecessary elements can be removed, and you get an excellent UHF antenna. For example, if there is a long whisker (an element for the MV signal), they can be removed.
All antennas are divided into:
- active;
- passive.
Active devices are those in which amplifiers are used. The antenna with the amplifier must be connected to a power source. If a receiver is used, the 5V power for the amplifier is supplied through it. This is done in the menu settings. The option is called Antenna Power.
An amplifier does not always mean better reception, in some cases it will even hurt:
- In the area next to the TV tower, turning on the amplifier can lead to the complete disappearance of reception due to too strong a signal;
- The amplifier is the weakest element of the antenna, often failing. Plus a power supply and additional wires, which also require repair and replacement;
- The intensity of the TV signal itself is provided by the design of the antenna. And the amplifier in parallel increases the level of noise and interference;
- If you want to connect another TV to a passive antenna, this is easier to do.
Passive structures do not have additional amplification, they are usually used in areas with a stable signal.
Antenna selection and installation
An old antenna may be suitable for receiving a digital signal if it consists of short elements or combined. If there are working serviceable antennas, it remains only to find out whether they will effectively catch the "figure" in local conditions.
The decimeter signal does not have an extensive coverage area. Therefore, for its distribution, it is necessary to build a network of transmitters. The surrounding landscape, the presence of high-rise buildings, mountains, forests, the power of the repeater greatly affect the quality of the signal. Antenna installation must take into account all these factors.
Reception zone
A stable and reliable signal zone is an area within a radius of no more than 10 km from the television tower. Here is a simple indoor antenna handle the reception well. If you have an amplifier, you can not use it.
If the signal disappears, the image breaks, then you need to connect the existing amplifier through the set-top box, using the appropriate menu item. Power will be supplied via the antenna cable.
Multi-story buildings can become a problem due to the reflection of decimeter waves. But the same reflection can be used. Let's say the antenna does not catch when it is oriented towards the TV tower. Point it at nearby tall buildings, the reception of the reflected signal will probably be much more effective.
It is necessary to check the presence of electrical appliances near the room antenna (third-party power supplies, etc.), as well as metal blinds on the windows. They can significantly weaken the signal.
Short circuit
There are times when the set-top box suddenly stopped responding to the use of the remote control, buttons, the image and sound disappear, and “Antenna short” is displayed on the screen. The problem does not mean that digital television does not work. There is simply a short circuit in the antenna cable or in the receiving device itself.
Why did the closure happen? There may be several reasons:
- The presence of a short circuit in the cable associated with careless installation, in all likelihood, at the connection points. The antenna plug can only be damaged by manufacturing defects;
- The active receiver is in operation, power is supplied to the amplifier. The amplifier is sensitive to lightning and can be damaged during bad weather;
- A passive antenna is connected, and the power to the amplifier is turned on in the receiver's menu. Passive devices are often short-circuited.
In the latter case, you need to disconnect the receiver from the network, separate the antenna from it, then turn on the power again, on the connected tuner, in the menu settings, turn "Antenna Power" to the "Off" position.
Important! The search for and elimination of the causes of a short circuit is carried out after the attachment is separated from the mains.
Remote area from TV tower
Distance is considered to be more than 30 kilometers from the repeater. With a powerful transmitter and direct visibility, we install a small receiving device such as a wave channel or a log-periodic one. You need to direct the antenna to the TV tower. In such conditions, it is even possible to use an indoor unit with an amplifier.
With increasing distance and when a settlement is located in low places, the requirements for the antenna increase. More powerful samples are needed. A good receiving device necessarily includes an amplifier, and its arrow is long enough. There are samples with several arrows, but they will only be needed under extremely poor conditions.
Many users have a Polish antenna, since in the recent past it was popular because of its affordable cost. Its other name is the lattice. Can this design be adapted for digital television?
It is quite functional, but some changes are required. The antenna amplifier does not contribute, but interferes with signal reception. Therefore, it must be taken out of work. Simply disconnecting the power supply is often ineffective. It is more reliable to dismantle the television cable on the amplifier board and connect it there to the two upper bolts: to one - the central core, to the other - the shielding braid. Thus, the amplifier is excluded from the circuit, and the antenna becomes passive.
Antenna and TV setup
There are several ways to properly set up a digital signal. The choice depends on the conditions of admission.
Auto search
This method is the easiest, but it requires a strong stable signal. The equipment is installed, switched on, in the settings menu are selected digital channels, and auto search is enabled. The TV automatically finds and stores the entire list of channels.
Manual mode
Suppose, in the auto-search mode, the TV cannot catch anything. Or found channels with interference. These pictures are not digital. Perhaps the TV at the same time went through the entire frequency range and caught several analog channels.
Now it will be useful to know the numbers of TV channels (TVK), through which the signal is transmitted for each multiplex. Information about the location of the TV transmitter will also come in handy to direct the antenna in the right direction. If the house is surrounded by other residential buildings, you can navigate by neighboring receivers, but not by satellite dishes that "look" at their satellite.
- The menu must be entered manual setting, after selecting DTV (digital television);
- Enter the channel number or its frequency by typing from the remote control;
- Two indicators will appear at the bottom of the menu, displaying the intensity of the television signal and its quality. Sometimes there is one indicator;
- In the presence of even a slight signal, you can begin to turn and move the antenna in order to achieve its amplification. An instant reaction when changing the position of the receiving device is not worth waiting for. It will show up in a few seconds. The search should be carried out stepwise, with pauses. When the antenna is outdoor, it is difficult to do it alone, it is better to take an assistant;
- Immediately after the appearance of a stable signal with a good level, you can start searching for channels and saving;
- Channels of the second multiplex are tuned in the same way, if its reception is technically possible in the given area.
Important! If the signal disappears, then reappears with the scale filled to 100%, and this continues in turn, this means that there is no reception.
Complete lack of signal reception
This situation is typical for particularly unfavorable conditions, in low places, closed by mountains, next to high-rise buildings, with low-power towers located far away.
The search for a TV signal must be manual. At the same time, for its primary display on the indicators, you need to show patience and endurance, having tried different methods:
- Purchase a powerful active antenna;
- If there are other towers nearby, you can sometimes try manual search on a TV set to alternate repeaters. Perhaps the signal passing conditions will be better;
- A good effect is to raise the antenna to a height using a mast;
- When the TV tower is located close, and the house is located in the center of a densely built-up high-rise area, one should not rush to buy an expensive powerful receiving device. It is better to experiment with the reflected signal by alternately directing the antenna in different directions to neighboring buildings or placing it on the roof.
Tuning via receiver
Old TVs, models without built-in tuners with DVB T2 support, require tuning through the receiver.
CRT TVs are connected to digital set-top box cinch cables (RCA), LCD models - HDMI cable. In the first case, the AV mode is selected during setup, in the second, HDMI. The mode is selected from the TV remote control. On the remotes, the mode selection is located under different buttons: INPUT, SOURCE, VIDEO, just a rectangle with an arrow.
Subsequent setting is carried out using auto-search or manually using the set-top box. The antenna must be connected to the set-top box.
Receiving a digital television signal on a conventional antenna is an easy way to provide yourself with a high-quality picture that requires minimal financial costs and physical effort. With the development of the network of TV towers, the signal reception conditions will improve.
Video
The table shows the channels that can be received from the Ostankino TV tower in Moscow and the Moscow region. The list is divided into two groups - digital DVB-T2 and terrestrial analogue. The operating frequencies, numbers, characteristics are indicated. All federal channels are broadcast free of charge. Coded or paid services are not yet provided. The distribution of digital program packages is going on multiplexes, each with 10 channels, 20 are already in normal mode and the third multiplex is being tested. The first and Russia 1 are in high definition HD. Broadcast breaks are regulated by the Prevention Schedule. Search and tuning are possible in automatic or manual mode. Most apartment buildings have cable TV and in the general list you will find only the list provided by the operator. In this case, for reception, an external or internal independent antenna is required.
| The first digital terrestrial TV multiplex | ||||||
| Channel logo | Name | Number | Frequency | Genre | Video Format | Audio Format |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | Sport | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| Petersburg - Channel 5 | 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | |
| 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | News | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
 | 30 | 546 MHz | Children's | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | |
| 30 | 546 MHz | Public Television of Russia | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 30 | 546 MHz | Radio | - | MPEG2 | ||
 | 30 | 546 MHz | Radio | - | MPEG2 | |
 | 30 | 546 MHz | Radio | - | MPEG2 | |
| The second digital terrestrial TV multiplex | ||||||
| 24 | 498 MHz | Federal | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 24 | 498 MHz | Religion | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 24 | 498 MHz | Entertaining | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 24 | 498 MHz | Entertaining | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| TV3 | 24 | 498 MHz | Entertaining | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | |
| 24 | 498 MHz | Entertaining | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 24 | 498 MHz | Military patriotic channel | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
| 24 | 498 MHz | CIS channel | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | ||
 | 24 | 498 MHz | Movies | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | |
| Muz TV | 24 | 498 MHz | Music | MPEG4 | MPEG2 | |
| The third digital terrestrial TV multiplex It has not yet been officially launched, so the list of channels is displayed on a separate page with a broadcast schedule |
||||||
In the analog band, the number of conventional channels is less and it is planned to switch them off in accordance with the official government program for the development of digital television.
The information was obtained from open sources and is current at the beginning of 2020. As the grid changes, the data will be updated.
Article 37. Erotic publications
×Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 N 2124-1 (as amended on July 13, 2015)
"About funds mass media"
Distribution of releases of specialized radio and television programs of an erotic nature without signal coding is allowed only from 23:00 to 04:00 local time, unless otherwise established by the local administration.
For the purposes of this Law, a media specializing in messages and materials of an erotic nature means a periodical or program that generally and systematically exploits the interest in sex.
Retail sale of media products specializing in messages and materials of an erotic nature is allowed only in sealed transparent packages and in specially designed premises, the location of which is determined by the local administration.
Communications Minister Nikolai Nikiforov announced that in 2018 Russia will be able to abandon analogue television broadcasting. It is assumed that by this time the whole country will be ready to switch to digital television, but not everyone shares the optimism of officials. Lenta.ru found out why, after switching to digital, many Russians may lose access to television and how to avoid this.
Why is analogue dying?
According to Nikiforov, in 2018 the state will stop subsidizing analog television. This does not mean that it will be disabled. The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications explained to Lente.ru that TV channels, in addition to the digital format, wishing to broadcast in analog, will receive such an opportunity: for this they just need to agree with the signal distributor - the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRS). Regional channels, for example, will be able to continue broadcasting analog.
In itself, the transition to digital by 2018 is not new. In 2009, when the excitement around the launch of digital TV in Russia was only gaining momentum, officials made bright plans for a complete transition to a new broadcasting format by 2015, later the plans were adjusted and the new milestone was called 2018. It was assumed that by that time more than half of Russians would have acquired television receivers capable of reading a digital signal.
Why is digital better than analogue?
Digital television is of better quality, allows you to fit more channels in one frequency range, it is more resistant to interference. Often dense urban development contributes to the creation of ripples or stripes on television screens. The digital mode of transmission allows the signal to bypass these obstacles and give a smooth picture at the output.
How do they "smoke out" an analogue?
The transition to digital television is a global trend. In the West, this process began ten years earlier than in Russia. Abroad, digital broadcasting began back in the 1990s, while in Russia they began testing digital broadcasting in 2000 (in the Nizhny Novgorod region). To date, almost all of Western Europe, the Scandinavian countries, the USA, some CIS countries and Latin America have abandoned the analog format. In 2017, Ukraine plans to completely abandon analogue broadcasting in favor of digital.
At the time when Luxembourg and the Netherlands switched to digital for the first time (in 2006), Russia had just created a government commission that was working on the concept of introducing new TV standards. It was headed by Dmitry Medvedev. Having become president in 2008, he came to grips with television issues (then an attempt was made to create public television, which resulted in the opening of the OTR channel with - approx. "Tapes.ru"). In 2009, the Federal Target Program was approved, according to which investments in digital television broadcasting amounted to almost 165 billion rubles.
It was decided that the new format would come to the house to the audience in multiplexes - packets that are transmitted on the same frequency. The first multiplex included ten federal TV channels - Channel One, Russia 1, Russia 2 (later its frequencies were transferred to Match TV), NTV, Channel Five, Russia K, Russia 24, Karusel, freshly baked OTR and TV Center.
Seats in the second multiplex were put up for competition. Dozens of channels fought for the right to be publicly available throughout Russia. As a result, REN TV, STS, Spas, Domashny, TV-3, Friday, Zvezda, Mir, TNT and Muz-TV (now - "YU"). Among the channels that applied but were not included in the multiplex were Russia Today, Dozhd, Pepper, NTV Plus, Komsomolskaya Pravda.
Channels have to pay a lot for the opportunity to be in the multiplex. Initially, it was planned that TV companies would be paid almost a billion rubles each year by RTRS for the construction of the necessary infrastructure and signal maintenance. Subsequently, annual payments were reduced to 150 million, but from 2019, after the full deployment of the second multiplex, the cost of broadcasting in it could again rise to a billion rubles.
For some channels, this amount turned out to be unbearable. Thus, the Orthodox Spas, which, according to its general director, exists solely on donations from viewers, still cannot pay off RTRS, and, as in July, does not have an agreement with the signal distributor at all.
Before the crisis, the authorities planned to launch a third multiplex, which would also include regional channels, but the idea failed - the idea was recognized as economically unprofitable. As a result, the third multiplex was launched only in the Crimea due to the digital infrastructure inherited by the peninsula from Ukraine.
Who can be left without television?
The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications explained to Lente.ru that by 2018 digital broadcasting will cover 98.1 percent of the Russian population (ten free channels the first multiplex by the end of 2016 will be available to 98.3 percent of the country's residents). The remaining 1.9 percent are small settlements or uninhabited areas, as well as settlements of polar explorers. However, wide coverage does not mean that the new television will come to every home, says a top manager of the TV company, who wished to remain anonymous, whose channel is included in one of the multiplexes.
To connect to digital TV and watch 20 public TV channels for free, the subscriber's TV must be able to receive a DVB-T2 signal (European standard for digital terrestrial television of the second generation - approx. "Tapes.ru"). However, not all TVs even modern models equipped with such a receiver. In the event that the device does not support DVB-T2, the viewer will have to purchase a special set-top box with a receiver, which costs at least a thousand rubles.
Prefixes cannot be called expensive, “but, judging by the fact that 30 percent of citizens cannot change old tv for a new one, they probably don’t have extra money to buy additional devices, ”the channel manager suggested.
By the way, in 2012 the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications offered the regions to provide several million low-income citizens with such devices. Whether the authorities plan to help beneficiaries in this is still unknown.
The interlocutor of Lenta.ru claims that not a single TV channel yet has an understanding of how the final transition from “analogue” to “digital” will take place (as well as there is no idea of the real losses that they may incur). A sharp, one-time transition will not happen, he believes: there is a high risk that part of the population will be left without public channels, which may lead to public indignation.
| This article is proposed for deletion. An explanation of the reasons and a corresponding discussion can be found on the page Wikipedia:To be deleted/August 30, 2016 . |
| 2017 in TV | |||
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| < · · - 2017 - · · > | |||
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| in cinema / in theater / in music / in literature | |||
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List "2017 in TV" describes the events in the world of television expected in
Years in television
An excerpt characterizing 2017 in television
- Is it over?! - said Princess Marya, after his body had been motionless for several minutes, growing cold, lying in front of them. Natasha came up, looked into the dead eyes and hurried to close them. She closed them and did not kiss them, but kissed what was the closest memory of him.“Where did he go? Where is he now?..”
When the dressed, washed body lay in a coffin on the table, everyone came up to him to say goodbye, and everyone wept.
Nikolushka wept from the pained bewilderment that tore at his heart. The Countess and Sonya wept with pity for Natasha and that he was no more. The old count wept that soon, he felt, he was about to take the same terrible step.
Natasha and Princess Mary were weeping now too, but they were not weeping from their own personal grief; they wept from the reverent tenderness that seized their souls before the consciousness of the simple and solemn mystery of death that took place before them.
The totality of the causes of phenomena is inaccessible to the human mind. But the need to find causes is embedded in the human soul. And the human mind, not delving into the innumerability and complexity of the conditions of phenomena, each of which separately can be represented as a cause, grabs at the first, most understandable approximation and says: here is the cause. In historical events (where the subject of observation is the actions of people), the most primitive rapprochement is the will of the gods, then the will of those people who stand in the most prominent historical place - historical heroes. But one has only to delve into the essence of each historical event, that is, into the activity of the entire mass of people who participated in the event, in order to be convinced that the will of the historical hero not only does not direct the actions of the masses, but is itself constantly guided. It would seem that it is all the same to understand the meaning of a historical event one way or another. But between the man who says that the peoples of the West went to the East because Napoleon wanted it, and the man who says that it happened because it had to happen, there is the same difference that existed between people who said that the land stands firmly and the planets move around it, and those who said that they did not know what the earth was based on, but they knew that there were laws governing the movement of both her and other planets. There are no and cannot be causes of a historical event, except for the single cause of all causes. But there are laws that govern events, partly unknown, partly groping for us. The discovery of these laws is possible only when we completely renounce the search for causes in the will of one person, just as the discovery of the laws of the motion of the planets became possible only when people renounced the representation of the affirmation of the earth.