A histogram is most suitable for displaying distributions. Choosing the perfect chart to present your data. Simple and clear. What are macros for?

McKinsey's director of visual concepts, Gene Zelazny, knows everything about his job. This is not surprising: over the 55 years of his life that he devoted to studying diagrams and other visualization methods, he accumulated sufficient experience, which he shared in the book “Speak the Language of Diagrams.”

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Step 3: From Comparison to Chart – Select Chart Type

Each type of comparison corresponds to a certain type of diagram. Select the type of visualization based on the type of comparison.

Formulating an idea

Constructing diagrams begins with formulating the main idea that you want to convey to the audience with its help. The main idea is the answer to the question of what exactly the data shows us and how they are related to each other.

The easiest way to formulate the main idea is to put it in the title of the diagram.

The title should be specific and answer the question you pose to the audience. When choosing words, use quantitative and qualitative characteristics and try to avoid common phrases and expressions.

Examples of specific and general headings

Don't forget the main rule: one diagram - one idea. Don’t try to show all the connections and thoughts you found on one graph. Such diagrams will be overloaded and difficult to understand.

Determining the type of comparison

Any thought and idea can be expressed using one of five types of comparison. Your task is to choose the right type of comparison and select the appropriate diagram for it.

A little hint:

  1. Piece-by-piece comparison - your data shows a certain proportion in relation to the whole.
  2. Positional comparison – you want to show how data relates to each other.
  3. Temporal comparison - you show how data changes over time.
  4. Frequency comparison - you want to show how many objects fall within a certain range.
  5. Correlational comparison - you show how data depends on each other.

Choosing the Ideal Chart

Each type of comparison has its own type of diagram. The clarity of perception of visualized data depends on its correct choice.

There are five types of charts and some of their variations and combinations:

1. Pie chart

The familiar “pie” is the most used type of chart. According to Jin, this is unjustified since this type is the least practical and should make up a little more than 5% of all diagrams in presentations.

2. Bar chart

The individual values ​​in this chart are represented by bars of varying lengths placed horizontally along the X-axis. In the author's opinion, this is the most underrated chart, the most flexible and versatile type, and should make up 25% of all charts used.

3. Histogram

Quantitative relationships of a certain indicator are presented in the form of rectangles, the areas of which are proportional. Most often, for ease of perception, the width of the rectangles is taken to be the same, while their height determines the ratio of the displayed parameter.

4. Schedule

Line graphs, familiar to everyone from school, consist of points on a coordinate grid connected by lines. Used to characterize variation, dynamics and relationships. Together with the histogram, they should make up half of the charts used.

5. Scatter plot

Also known as a scatterplot, a scatterplot is used to place data points on a horizontal and vertical axis to show the degree of influence of one variable on another. According to Zelazny, it should be used in 10% of cases.

Do not forget! The main purpose of any diagram is to clearly show the connections or dependencies between data. If the illustration is not able to show the relationships, it is better to use tables.

Double comparison

In some cases, it becomes necessary to show several types of data being compared and the relationships between them on one graph.

In such cases, it is necessary to determine the main type of comparison and select a diagram based on it. For example, if you want to show the contribution of individual divisions to the company's overall revenue by month, it is better to use chart types for time comparison: graph or histogram. And if you're more interested in specific achievements rather than changes over time, use bar charts.

Remember: if one chart cannot convey the main idea simply and clearly by combining data, it is better to use two separate widgets.

Scales, legends and other inscriptions


An ideal diagram is easy to understand without any additional information on it. However, this doesn't mean you can't use a scale or legend to help get your point across.

Main rules when adding additional information:

  1. They don't overload the diagram.
  2. They do not distract from the main picture.
  3. They complete the diagram.

You can find specific examples for each type of comparison and diagrams in the book or use their electronic version on the publisher’s website.

Test "Spreadsheets".

    In a spreadsheet, the main worksheet element is:

    1. cell;

      line;

      column;

      formula.

    Select the correct row symbol in the spreadsheet:

    1. 18D;

      K13;

      34;

      AB.

    Select the correct cell address in the spreadsheet:

    1. 11 D;

      F12;

      AB3;

      B1A.

    The range is:

    a set of cells forming a rectangular area in the table;

    all cells of one row;

    all cells of one column;

    set of valid values.

    What will be the value of cell C1 if you enter the formula =SUM(A1:A7)/2 into it:

    280;

    140;

    40;

    35?

    The result of the calculations in cell C1 will be:

A1*2

A1+B1

A) 5

B) 10

B) 15

D) 20

  1. A spreadsheet cannot be used for:

    1. sorting tabular data;

      performing mathematical and economic calculations;

      constructing graphs and diagrams;

      processing of graphic images.

8. In a spreadsheet, a cell is called:

    1. horizontal line;

      vertical column;

      intersection of row and column;

      the cursor is a frame on the screen.

9.Choose the correct column designation in the spreadsheet:

    1. F12;

      AB;

      113.

10.A spreadsheet cell cannot contain:

    number;

    text;

    sheet;

    formula.

11. Select the correct formula entry for the spreadsheet:

    C3+4*D4

    C3=C1+2*C2

    A5B5+23

    A2*A3-A4

12 . What will be the value of cell C1 if you enter the formula =A1+B1 into it:

    20;

    15;

    10;

    30?

    1. You can create a graph of a function in Excel with help:

1. Formula lines;

2. Function Masters;

3. Masters of Templates;

4. Masters of Diagrams.

    1. The histogram is most suitable for:

1. display of distributions;

2. displaying the dynamics of data changes;

3. comparisons between different group members;

4. display of specific ratios of various characteristics

    1. The diagram is:

1. map of the area;

2. a form of graphical representation of numerical values, which makes it easier to interpret numerical data;

3. beautifully designed table;

4. regular schedule.

    1. Diagram in spreadsheets- This:

1. high-quality numerical table;

2. a graph showing the relationship between all the numbers in the table;

3. a means of visual graphical representation of information, intended for comparing several quantities or several values ​​of one quantity, monitoring changes in their values, etc.

4. dependence between numerical values

    1. Pie chart- this is the diagram:

    presented as a circle divided into sectors, in which only one row of data is allowed;

    in which individual data series are presented as areas shaded in different colors;

    which uses a coordinate system with three coordinate axes, which allows you to obtain the effect of spatial representation of data series;

    in which individual values ​​are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system.

    1. In which section of the table processor menu Excel Master Diagram is located:

1. Editing;

2. Insertion;

3. Service;

4. Data.

19. A diagram in which individual values ​​are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system is called:

1. ruled;

2. point;

3. circular;

4. histogram.

20 . What is any diagram based on?

A. Excel workbooks

b. graphic file

V. text file

G.table data

21. Given a spreadsheet:

A

IN

WITH

D

1

1

3

4

2

4

2

5

3

3

1

2

To cellD1 a formula has been introduced that calculates the expression using the formula=(A2+B1-C1).

As a result, in the cellD1 the value will appear...

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

22. Value in cell C3 of spreadsheet

A

IN

WITH

1

3

9

=B2+$A$1

2

7

15

3

3

45

4

=C1-C2

equals

1) 27 2) 15 3) 34 4) 27

23. Spreadsheet C6 value

A

IN

WITH

1

3

3

=SUM(B2:C3)

2

0

2

6

3

=DEGREE(A5,2)

5

3

4

6

=MAX(B1:B3)

7

5

5

4

35

6

=A3/B4+C1

equals

1) 22 2) 39 3) 26 4) 21

24. Given a spreadsheet:

A

IN

WITH

D

1

1

3

4

8

2

3

2

5

3

7

1

2

The value in cell C1 was replaced by 7. As a result, the value in cell D1 automatically changed to 11. It can be assumed that in cell D1 ......

1) the formula B1+C1 is written

2) with any change in the table, the value increases by 3

3) the formula SUM(A1:C1) is written

4) the formula SUM(A1:A3) is written

25. Given a fragment of a spreadsheet:

A

IN

WITH

1

3

2

5

2

7

1

3

4

4

The value of cell C1 is calculated using the formula =B1+$A$1

After copying the formula, the value in cell C3 will be equal to

1) 10 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8

    The spreadsheet is intended for:

1.processing predominantly numerical data structured using tables;

    orderly storage and processing of significant amounts of data;

    visualization of structural relationships between data presented in tables;

    editing graphical representations of large amounts of information.

    An MS Excel document (processing object) is a file with an arbitrary name and
    1) expansion.1) cell 3) book2) formula 4) no correct answer

    A fragment of the database is presented below in tabular form:

Name of product

Price

Quantity

Price

1

Monitor

7654

153080

2

Keyboard

1340

34840

3

Mouse

235

7990

4

Printer

3770

22620

5

Columns

480

7680

6

Scanner

2880

28800

What position will the product be in?Scanner » after sorting the given table in ascending column order

"Quantity" ?

1) 1 2) 2 3) 6 4) 5

A bar chart is:

a) a chart in which individual values ​​are represented by bars of varying lengths located horizontally along the X-axis;

b) a diagram, the individual values ​​of which are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system;

c) a chart in which individual values ​​are represented by vertical bars of varying heights;

d) a diagram presented in the form of a circle divided into sectors, and in which only one row of data is allowed.

    A histogram is:

a) a chart in which individual values ​​are represented by vertical bars of varying heights;

b) a diagram, to represent individual values ​​of which parallelepipeds placed along the X axis are used;

c) a diagram that uses a coordinate system with three coordinate axes, which allows you to obtain the effect of a spatial representation of data series.;

d) a chart in which individual values ​​are represented by bars of varying lengths located horizontally along the X-axis.

    A pie chart is:

a) a diagram presented in the form of a circle divided into sectors, and in which only one row of data is allowed;

b) a diagram, the individual values ​​of which are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system;

c) a diagram in which individual data series are presented as areas shaded in different colors;

d) a diagram that uses a coordinate system with three coordinate axes, which allows you to get the effect of spatial representation of data series.

    A chart whose individual values ​​are representedpoints in the Cartesian coordinate system is called:

a) ruled;

b) point;

c) circular;

d) histogram.

    The histogram is most suitable for:

a) to display distributions;

b) comparisons between different group members;

c) to display the dynamics of data changes;

d) to display specific ratios of various characteristics.

    Mastering a database management systemAccess

Test on the topic “Databases”

1. A database is:

    a collection of data organized according to certain rules;

    a set of programs for storing and processing large amounts of information;

    an interface that supports filling and manipulating data;

    a certain set of information.

2. The most common in practice are:

    distributed databases;

    hierarchical databases;

    network databases;

    relational databases.

3. The most accurate analogue of a relational database can be:

    unordered set of data;

  1. family tree;

    two-dimensional table.

4. Tables in databases are intended to:

    for storing database data;

    to perform complex program actions.

5. Which of the following is not an Access object:

  3. keys;

6. What are the requests for?

    for storing database data;

    for selecting and processing database data;

    to enter database data and view it;

    for automatic execution of a group of commands;

    to perform complex program actions;

    to output processed database data to a printer?

7. What are the forms for?

    for storing database data;

    for selecting and processing database data;

    to enter database data and view it;

    for automatic execution of a group of commands;

8. What are the modules for:

    for storing database data;

    for selecting and processing database data;

    to enter database data and view it;

    for automatic execution of a group of commands;

    to perform complex program actions?

9. What are macros for:

    for storing database data;

    for selecting and processing database data;

    to enter database data and view it;

    for automatic execution of a group of commands;

    to perform complex program actions?

10. In what mode does the user work with the database:

    in design;

    in amateur;

    in a given;

    in operational?

11. In which dialog box are connections between fields of database tables created:

    connection table;

    connection diagram;

    data schema;

    data table?

12. Why, when closing a table, Access does not offer to save the entered data:

    flaw in the program;

    because the data is saved immediately after being entered into the table;

    because the data is only saved after the entire database is closed?

13. Without which objects a database cannot exist:

    without modules;

    no reports;

    without tables;

    without forms;

    no macros;

    without requests?

14. In which table elements are database data stored:

    in lines;

    in columns;

    in the records;

    in cells?

15. Does a table that does not have any records contain any information?

    an empty table does not contain any information;

    an empty table contains information about the database structure;

    an empty table contains information about future records;

    a table without records cannot exist.

16. Does a table that has no fields contain any information?

    contains information about the structure of the database;

    does not contain any information;

    a table without fields cannot exist;

    contains information about future entries.

17. What is special about the “counter” field?

    the data is stored not in the field, but in another place, and the field only stores a pointer to where the text is located;

    has a limited size;

    has the property of automatic extension.

18. What is special about the MEMO field?

    serves for entering numeric data;

    used to enter real numbers;

    the data is stored not in the field, but in another place, and the field only stores a pointer to where the text is located;

    has a limited size;

    has the property of automatic extension.

    a field whose values ​​cannot be repeated;

    a field that has a unique name;

    a field whose value has the property of increasing.

20. Search keys in database management systems (DBMS) are called:

    the range of records in the database file in which the search is carried out;

    logical expressions that define search conditions;

    fields whose value is used to search;

    numbers of records that satisfy the search conditions;

    number of the first record in order that satisfies the search conditions?

Test on DBMS topic

1. From the given definitions, select the definition:

1. What is a database?

2. What is a DBMS?

1. A program with which data is entered and any actions are performed on this data: viewing, sorting, searching, etc.

2. A file in which data is stored in a special format.

2. From the proposed definitions of DBMS data models, select the definitions that correspond to:

1. Hierarchical.

2. Network.

3. Relational.

1. The data model is built on the principle of interconnected tables.

2. One type of object is the main one, all underlying ones are subordinate.

3. Any data type can be a master and a slave at the same time.

3. Which of the following DBMSs is included in the popular packageMicrosoftOffice?

1. Lotus Approach.

2. Microsoft Access.

3. Visual FoxPro.

4. Borland Paradox.

5. Borland dBase.

4. The database contains information about school students: last name, class, test score, practical task score, total number of points. What type of field should the TOTAL POINTS field be?

1. text 2. logical 3. numeric 4. any type 5. date

5 – 6 The relational database is defined by the table:

FULL NAME.

age

club

sport

Panko L.P.

Arbuzov A.A.

Zhiganova P.N.

Ivanov O.G.

Sedova O.L.

Bagaeva S.I.

5. Which records will be selected based on the condition:

(club = “Sparta” OR club = “Rotor”) and NOT (gender = “wives”)?

1. 3,5 2. 1,3,5 3. 2,3,4,5 4. 2,4 5. there are no such records

6. Which records will be selected based on the condition:

sport = “skiing” OR gender = “female” AND age

1. 2,3,4,5,6 2. 3,5,6 3. 1,3,5,6

4. there are no such records 5. 2,3,5,6

7. The database contains information about dogs from the kennel club: name, breed, date of birth, gender, number of medals. what type of fields should the fields be?

1. text, text, numeric, text, numeric

2. text, text, date, text, numeric

3. text, text, date, logical, numeric

4. text, text, numeric, logical, numeric

5. text, text, date, boolean, text

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Graphical representation statistical distribution. Bar chart.

1. Formulation of the problem . A histogram is one of the tools for interpreting the results of medical research and monitoring the health status of patients.Thanks to the graphical representation of available quantitative information, you can see patterns that are difficult to discern in a simple table with a set of numbers, evaluate problems and find ways to solve them. That is, to understand the qualitative characteristics of signs, processes, and visually represent the trend of changes in observed values, a graphical representation of statistical material is used, i.e., a distribution histogram is built.

It is by the type of histogram, by what type of probability density distribution the histogram resembles, that the theoretical distribution law is selected.

The most common types of distributions:

1) normal;

2) exponential (exponential);

3) uniform;

4) Rayleigh.

According to the normal law, a person’s height, weight, systolic pressure, cholesterol content in the patient’s blood, etc. are distributed.

According to the exponential law, the interval between random events of the same type is distributed: calls from a nurse by patients, the number of orders of medicines from pharmacies, insurance cases.

The rounding error and the phase of random oscillations are distributed according to a uniform law.


Density Rayleigh distribution non-zero only for non-negative values x. This distribution is one-parameter: it depends on one parameter σ. According to Rayleigh's law, the distance from the point of impact on the target to its center is distributed.

Thus, it is necessary to carefully look at the constructedhistogramand select a suitable distribution of random variable values.

2. Background and essence of the method. Histogram (from Old Greekἱστός - pillar + γράμμα - line, letter, spelling) - waygraphic representation tabulardata. Consequently, the term should be interpreted as a certain form of writing consisting of “columns”, i.e. oblong, vertically located figures. The term "histogram" was coined by the famous statistician Karl Pearson to mean "a general form of graphical representation."

Pearson (Pearson) Charles(27.3.1857, London - 27.4.1936, ibid.), English mathematician, biologist, positivist philosopher. Professor of applied mathematics and mechanics (from 1884), and then eugenics (from 1911) at the University of London.

A histogram is one of the variants of a bar chart that allows you to visually evaluate the distribution of statistical data grouped by the frequency of falling into a certain (preset) interval.Thus, a histogram is a graphical representation of the dependence of the frequency of occurrence of elementssamplesfrom the corresponding interval of random variable values.

3. Plan for constructing a histogram:

1) Let it be necessary to study the distribution of attribute X among objects in the general population. For this purpose, a representative sample is taken and n measurements of the values ​​of the characteristic being studied: x 1 , x 2 , ... ,. xn

2) It is necessary to find the minimum value xmin and maximum value xmax of the measured parameter. Divide the resulting range into a finite number of intervals, having previously determined their number (usually 5-20 depending on the number of indicators) and determine the width of the interval Δ x. Often the difference x max – x min not completely divided. In this case, the interval expands somewhat, both towards smaller and towards larger values.

3) Distribute all data into intervals in ascending order: the left border of the first interval should be less than the smallest available value. Present the data for processing the results in the form of a table (Table 1).

5) Calculate Frequency Density mi/Δx data falls into each of the intervals.

6) Calculate relative frequency densities mi/Δx n.

Intervals

values

(ho, x1)

(x1,x2)

(x2,x3)

(x3,x4)

(xk-1,xk)

Frequencies

Frequency densities mi/Δx

Relative frequency densities,

m i / Δx n

7) . Based on the data obtained, construct a histogram - a bar chart, the height of the bars corresponds to the frequency or frequency density, or the density of relative frequencies of data falling into each of the intervals; the bases of the columns are segments of the abscissa axis, the lengths of which are equal to the lengths of the intervals. As a result, a stepped figure is obtained in the form of rectangles shifted towards each other, the areas of which are proportional to the frequencies (or densities of relative frequencies).


Frequency histogram (normal distribution)


Relative frequency density histogram (normal distribution)

8). Analyze histogram:

a) determine the type of data distribution (normal, etc.);

b) draw a line across the tops of the histogram bars and obtain a smoothing curve that best represents the given statistical distribution;

c) carry out an analysis of the normal distribution using mathematical tools: find the value of the general average, the general standard deviation, the expression for the normal law. But conclusions should not be drawn based on small samples. The larger the sample size, the greater the confidence that three important parameters histograms—its center, width, and shape—are representative of the entire process or group of data under study.

d) Answer the question: “Why is the distribution exactly like this, and what does it mean?”

Examples of histogram analysis:

    Symmetrical (example A). Most values ​​lie on either side of the center of the distribution (central tendency), with variance balanced on either side of the center. With a slope (example B). Most values ​​are to the left of the central tendency. This type of data distribution can occur if there is a natural obstacle in cases of data sorting (results that do not meet a certain standard are removed from the data set). Asymmetrical (example B). This type of chart has a long tail to one side of the central tendency. There is more variation on one side than on the other, indicating that some variable values ​​have shifted during the process. Bimodal (example D). The two modal type has two vertices. This usually happens when two different groups of data are mixed (the category of short people is mixed with the category of very tall people). In reality, we have two histograms,united together.

Advantages of the method:

· Visual, easy to learn and use.

· Analysis based on facts, not opinions.

· Allows you to better understand the variability inherent in the process, take a deeper look at the problem and make it easier to find ways to solve it.

Disadvantages of the method:

Interpretation of a histogram based on small samples does not allow one to draw correct conclusions.

Application of the histogram method in computer science:

In the last two decades, histograms have been used in several areas of computer science, most notably in the areas of image processing. Analysis of the brightness histogram has become commonplace during editing photos in a graphics editor. A luminance histogram, commonly referred to simply as a "histogram" for short, helps evaluate the overall quality of a photograph based on a mathematical interpretation of the tonal range of the image in the form of a special chart. An image brightness histogram is a bar chart that displays the number of image pixels (vertically) that have a given brightness level (horizontally). That is, the brightness histogram is a graph that shows what shades are present in the image. The range of shades of an image is represented as a sequence of vertical lines, arranged from left to right from darkest to lightest. The height of each line shows how many pixels there are in the image

corresponding shade. The histogram can be obtained for each color channel separately. In this case, it shows the number of pixels that have a certain brightness value for each color. The brightness value varies in the range from 0 to 255 with an accuracy of one, which corresponds to a color depth of 8 bits per color channel (in binary representation from black to white).In a raster image, each pixel contains information about its color. Color is represented by numbers according to a particular color model, for example, RGB (Red, green, blue are the colors by adding which an image is formed on the screen), etc. Thus, in the RGB model, each pixel is described by three numbers corresponding to the brightness of the basic color components, which in turn are assigned a color number. The numbers that describe the color of pixels are also called color channels.

As you know, numbers can be represented in different number systems. In common practice, we use the decimal system, which uses 10 digits (0, 1, 2, ..., 9) to write numbers. In programming, the hexadecimal number system is often used, which uses 16 digits (0, 1, 2, ..., 9, A, B, C, D, E, F ). Computers work based on a binary system with two digits - 0 and 1. The binary digit is called a bit. A bit can only take one of two possible values.

The amount of information that is used to encode a point in an image (pixel) is called color depth, or bit color depth(bit depth).

Color depth determines how many colors can be represented by a pixel (what the color palette is). For example, if the color depth is 1 bit, then a pixel can only represent one of two possible colors, such as white or black. If the color depth is 8 bits, then the number of possible colors is 28 = 256. With a color depth of 24 bits, 8 bits are allocated for encoding each color, and the total number of colors exceeds 16 million. The relationship between the bit depth of a color and the number of colors is simple:

Number of colors = 2 bit color depth

Color depth and number of colors in the palette

Color depth, I(bit)

Number of colors in the palette

(number of color numbers), N

28=256

216=65536

224=

Sometimes color depth is understood as maximum amount colors that you can imagine. Obviously: the greater the color depth, the larger the size of the file containing a description of the entire image.

RGB and grayscale images ( gray scale ) typically contain 8 bits per color channel. Since RGB has three color channels, the color depth in these modes is 8 3 = 24 bits.

The histogram is an auxiliary function for assessing the quality of a photograph, so the information obtained with its help must be correlated with the image on the display of a digital camera. The photographer must understand which areas of the image cause banding in the histogram. On the left of the graph the dark areas of the image, that is, shadows, are displayed. On the right are light areas. If the rises are located approximately symmetrically, closer to the center of the histogram, then the image is well balanced. If the rises are offset to the left or right of the center, then this is an indication that the image is too dark or light, respectively. In this case, you need to reset the end point for black or white in the Levels menu in Photoshop (photos 1 and 2).

Photo 1. The rise on the histogram is shifted to the left, that is, the photo is darkened. This may be due to underexposure when shooting.

Photo 2.

After moving the end point, the histogram "centered" and the image became more realistic.

Of course, an image that is “too dark” or “too light” is not necessarily evidence of a defect, but may be caused by objective compositional conditions and the subject of the photograph. For example, a histogram of a winter landscape cannot objectively have rises grouped in the central part (photo 3).

Photo 3.

The histogram of the winter landscape is shifted to the right for obvious reasons.

In some cases, the histogram may have splashes on both the right and left sides, which indicates the presence of the darkest and lightest areas in the frame. This happens when the photograph is very contrasty or has a pronounced play of light and shadow, as can be seen from the example in photo 4, and, of course, there is nothing wrong with that.

Photo 4.

The photograph has a pronounced play of light and shadow, which is reflected in the form of two peaks in the histogram.

Since to be able to compare different histograms, it is necessary to eliminate the dependence on the sample size and the width of the interval Δx.

Pixel(English) pixel, abbr. from English PICture" S ELement, image element), pixel- the minimum area of ​​the image for which color can be set independently. It is an indivisible object of a rectangular (usually square) shape with a certain color. Any raster computer image consists of pixels arranged in rows and columns. If you zoom in on the image, you will see rows of pixels.

TEST No. 2 “Charts and graphs in spreadsheets”

1. Business graphics are:

1. a set of function graphs;

2. graphic illustrations;

3. meeting schedule;

4. a set of software tools that allow you to present in graphical form patterns of changes in numerical data.

  1. You can create a graph of a function inExcel using:

1. Formula lines;

2. Function Masters;

3. Masters of Templates;

4. Masters of Diagrams.

  1. The histogram is most suitable for:

1. display of distributions;

2. displaying the dynamics of data changes;

3. comparisons between different group members;

4. display of specific ratios of various characteristics.

  1. The diagram is:

1. map of the area;

2. a form of graphical representation of numerical values, which makes it easier to interpret numerical data;

3. beautifully designed table;

4. regular schedule.

  1. A chart in a spreadsheet is:

1. high-quality numerical table;

2. a graph showing the relationship between all the numbers in the table;

3. a means of visual graphical representation of information, intended for comparing several quantities or several values ​​of one quantity, monitoring changes in their values, etc.

4. dependence between numerical values.

  1. A pie chart is a diagram:
  1. presented as a circle divided into sectors, in which only one row of data is allowed;
  2. in which individual data series are presented as areas shaded in different colors;
  3. which uses a coordinate system with three coordinate axes, which allows you to obtain the effect of spatial representation of data series;
  4. in which individual values ​​are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system.
  1. In which section of the table processor menuExcel is the Chart Wizard:

1. Editing;

2. Insertion;

3. Service;

4. Data.

  1. A form of graphical representation of numerical values ​​that makes it easier to perceive and interpret numerical data is called:

1. drawing;

2. by card;

3. block diagram;

4. diagram.

9. A histogram is a diagram in which:

1. individual values ​​are represented by stripes of different lengths located horizontally along the OX axis

2. individual values ​​are represented by vertical columns of varying heights;

3. a coordinate system with three coordinate axes is used, which allows you to obtain the effect of spatial representation of data series;

4. To represent individual values, parallelepipeds placed along the OX axis are used.

10. A diagram in which individual values ​​are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system is called:

1. ruled;

2. point;

3. circular;

4. histogram.

11. A bar chart is a chart:

1. in which individual values ​​are represented by vertical bars of varying heights;

2. in which individual values ​​are represented by points in a Cartesian coordinate system;

3. in which individual values ​​are represented by stripes of different lengths located horizontally along the OX axis

4. presented as a circle divided into sectors, and in which only one row of data is allowed.

12. To format any chart element, you must:

1. double-click on it with the mouse cursor;

2. execute the commands Diagram, Source data;

3. execute the commands Diagram, Add data;

4. all of the above answers are correct.

13. What is any diagram based on?

A. Excel workbooks

b. graphic file

V. text file

table data

14. To compare several quantities at one point, it is usually used:

1. bar chart;

2. histogram;

3. scatter plot;

4. pie chart.



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