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What is communication and means of communication? Communication is the most important link in the country's economic system, a way for people to communicate, to satisfy their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs. Communication means - technical and software devices used for the formation, reception, processing, storage, transmission, delivery of telecommunication messages or postal items, as well as other technical and software used in the provision of communication services or ensuring the functioning of communication networks.
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Communication types. Wireless Wireless communication is the transmission of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". Wired Wired communication - communication in which messages are transmitted over wires by means of electrical signals; type of telecommunication
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The main directions of development of means of communication. Radio communication Telephone communication Television communication Cellular communication Internet Space communication Phototelegraph (Fax) Videotelephone communication Telegraph communication
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Stages of development of means of communication. Creation of an optical telegraph. Optical telegraph - a device for transmitting information over long distances using light signals. Invented by the Frenchman Claude Chappe.
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The first electric telegraph was created in 1837 by English inventors William Cook and Charles Whitson.
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Morse code. Samuel Finley Breeze Morse is an American inventor and artist. The most famous inventions are the electromagnetic writing telegraph and the Morse code. He developed signs for each letter of dots and dashes.
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The invention of radio. Scheme and appearance radio receiver A.S., Popov made by himself The relay worked, the bell turned on, and the coherer received a “light shake”, the adhesion between the metal filings weakened, and they were ready to receive the next signal. At first, radio communication was established at a distance of 250 m. Working tirelessly on his invention , Popov soon achieved a communication range of more than 600 m. Then, at the maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet in 1899. the scientist established radio communication at a distance of over 20 km, and in 1901. The radio communication range was already 150 km. The new design of the transmitter played an important role in this.
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Satellite connection. Satellites are unmanned space vehicles that fly in orbit around the Earth. They can transmit telephone conversations and TV signals to anywhere in the world. They also transmit weather and navigation information. In 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
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Fiber-optic communication lines Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for information transmission. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, much more distant side. To date, a huge number of trunk fiber-optic rings, intracity and even intra-office, have been built and are being built. And this number will continue to grow.
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Laser communication system. A rather curious solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most ordinary video cameras and are designed for communication between offices, inside offices and along corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other by means of laser radiation. Recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, such as lamp light, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, laser beams always have the same wavelength and scatter little.
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Presentation on the topic: Means of communication
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Answer the questions What is called an infrastructure complex? What unites the infrastructure complex? What sectors are included in the infrastructure complex? What is the difference between the production and non-production spheres of the complex? What area of the complex can be attributed to the topic of our lesson?
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Postal communication In the old days in Russia, communication between the capital and peripheral cities, as well as between the troops participating in hostilities, was carried out with the help of special rider messengers. This method was improved by the Tatars, having created on the roads at a distance of 30 - 40 km. special stations ("pits"), where the coachmen could rest and change horses. In the 17th century, Moscow was connected by such "pits" with Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk and Nizhny Novgorod. The first regular post office for sending government papers and letters from merchants was established in 1666. Under Peter I, maximum deadlines (norms) for delivering correspondence were established. Under Catherine II, a peculiar tax was introduced for letters and parcels, depending on the weight and distance of their transportation. In the 19th century, postal institutions were transferred to the Ministry of the Interior. The main function of the post office was to send ordinary and registered letters, postcards (introduced in 1872) and parcels. Money, including copper, silver and gold coins, could be sent in small quantities in special packages and leather bags. They, like valuable parcels, were insured. Since 1897, they began to accept postal, and then telegraphic money transfers. The post office also took over the delivery of periodicals, charging for this, depending on the frequency of publication of newspapers or magazines, from 6 to 18% of the total subscription price. The following data testifies to the dynamic development of the postal service. If in 1897 in Russia there were only 2.1 thousand postal and telegraph institutions, then in 1913 their number increased to 11 thousand, and the total length of postal routes increased to 261 thousand km.
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Telephone communication The telephone first appeared in Russia in 1880. Initially, the government planned to establish a state monopoly on the device. telephone communication. However, due to the high cost of building and operating telephone exchanges, private capital began to be attracted to their creation. According to the concluded contracts, telephone exchanges and lines built at the expense of private companies, after 20 years of operation, became state property. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 77 state and 11 private telephone exchanges in Russia. Telephone charges in the public sector were half those in the private sector. In total, in 1913, 300 thousand telephone sets were installed in Russian cities.
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Peculiarities of telephone communications The main indicator of the development of the public telecommunication services market is telephone density (TP), that is, the number of telephones per 100 inhabitants, which is directly correlated with GDP per capita. According to official statistics, at the end of the 90s, the telephone fleet in Russia consisted of more than 31 million devices, that is, there were 21 telephones per 100 Russians, while the same number of residents of the United States and Western European countries - from 60 to 70 telephones . In Russia, at the beginning of the third millennium, 54 thousand settlements were not provided with telephones, there were 6 million people on the waiting list and about 50 million potential telephone owners. Tariffs for local telephone communication for the population were lower than the actual cost
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Radio and television communications At the end of the 19th century, radio communications appeared - the wireless transmission of electrical signals over long distances using radio waves (electromagnetic waves with a frequency in the range of 105-1012 Hz). Later, powerful transmitters and sensitive receivers appeared, their sizes decreased, and their parameters improved. Significant achievements in the development of means of communication were the inventions of the phototelegraph and television communications. Video signals are transmitted with the help of these means of communication. For television communication, two transmitters are already needed: one for sound, the other for video signals. The next step in the improvement of television communications was the invention of color television.
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Telegraph communications The first telegraph line appeared in Russia in 1835. It connected St. Petersburg with Kronstadt and was intended for the needs of the military department. Four years later, the construction of the second line was completed, which connected the northern capital with Warsaw. Since the mid-1950s, where the railways were being built, the German company Siemens has been laying a telegraph equipped with new electromagnetic technology. By the beginning of the 20th century, the length of state telegraph lines amounted to 127 thousand miles. By that time, underwater telegraph cables had been laid connecting Russia with Denmark and Sweden. Russian telegraph lines were connected to telegraph lines in China and Japan. If in 1897 14 million internal telegrams were sent, then in 1912 more than 36 million were already sent.
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Telegram - a message sent by telegraph, one of the first types of communication using electrical transmission information. Telegrams are transmitted, as a rule, by wire, using Morse code. Telegrams are printed on a paper tape, which is then pasted onto a sheet of paper for ease of reading. Telegraph (from the Greek tele - "far" + grapho - "I write") - in the modern sense - a means for transmitting a signal over wires or other telecommunication channels.
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slide number 11
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Satellite communication Satellite communication is one of the types of radio communication based on the use of artificial earth satellites as repeaters. Satellite communication is carried out between earth stations, which can be both stationary and mobile. Network subscribers in the regions will receive satellite channel communications the following services: fax, telephone, Internet, radio and TV programs.
slide 2
Answer the questions
What is an infrastructure complex? What unites the infrastructure complex? What sectors are included in the infrastructure complex? What is the difference between the production and non-production spheres of the complex? What area of the complex can be attributed to the topic of our lesson?
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Communication is a branch of the economy that provides the reception and transmission of information.
What do you think the postal service does?
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Postal service
In the old days in Russia, communication between the capital and peripheral cities, as well as between the troops participating in hostilities, was carried out with the help of special rider messengers. This method was improved by the Tatars, having created on the roads at a distance of 30 - 40 km. special stations ("pits"), where the coachmen could rest and change horses. In the 17th century, Moscow was connected by such "pits" with Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk and Nizhny Novgorod. The first regular post office for sending government papers and letters from merchants was established in 1666. Under Peter I, maximum deadlines (norms) for delivering correspondence were established. Under Catherine II, a peculiar tax was introduced for letters and parcels, depending on the weight and distance of their transportation. In the 19th century, postal institutions were transferred to the Ministry of the Interior. The main function of the post office was to send ordinary and registered letters, postcards (introduced in 1872) and parcels. Money, including copper, silver and gold coins, could be sent in small quantities in special packages and leather bags. They, like valuable parcels, were insured. Since 1897, they began to accept postal, and then telegraphic money transfers. The post office also took over the delivery of periodicals, charging for this, depending on the frequency of publication of newspapers or magazines, from 6 to 18% of the total subscription price. Electric traditional communication The following data testifies to the dynamic development of postal communication. If in 1897 in Russia there were only 2.1 thousand postal and telegraph institutions, then in 1913 their number increased to 11 thousand, and the total length of postal routes increased to 261 thousand km.
slide 5
Telephone communications
The telephone first appeared in Russia in 1880. Initially, the government planned to establish a state monopoly on telephone communications. However, due to the high cost of building and operating telephone exchanges, private capital began to be attracted to their creation. According to the concluded contracts, telephone exchanges and lines built at the expense of private companies, after 20 years of operation, became state property. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 77 state and 11 private telephone exchanges in Russia. Telephone charges in the public sector were half those in the private sector. In total, in 1913, 300 thousand telephone sets were installed in Russian cities.
slide 6
Features of telephone communication
The main indicator of the development of the public telecommunication services market is telephone density (TP), that is, the number of telephones per 100 inhabitants, which is directly correlated with GDP per capita. According to official statistics, at the end of the 90s, the telephone fleet in Russia consisted of more than 31 million devices, that is, there were 21 telephones per 100 Russians, while the same number of residents of the United States and Western European countries - from 60 to 70 telephones . In Russia, at the beginning of the third millennium, 54 thousand settlements were not provided with telephones, there were 6 million people on the waiting list and about 50 million potential telephone owners. Tariffs for local telephone communication for the population were lower than the actual cost
Slide 7
radio and television communications
At the end of the 19th century, radio communication appeared - the wireless transmission of electrical signals over long distances using radio waves (electromagnetic waves with a frequency in the range of 105-1012 Hz). Later, powerful transmitters and sensitive receivers appeared, their sizes decreased, and their parameters improved. Significant achievements in the development of means of communication were the inventions of the phototelegraph and television communications. Video signals are transmitted with the help of these means of communication. For television communication, two transmitters are already needed: one for sound, the other for video signals. The next step in the improvement of television communications was the invention of color television.
Slide 8
Telegraph communication
The first telegraph line appeared in Russia in 1835. It connected St. Petersburg with Kronstadt and was intended for the needs of the military department. Four years later, the construction of the second line was completed, which connected the northern capital with Warsaw. Since the mid-1950s, where the railways were being built, the German company Siemens has been laying a telegraph equipped with new electromagnetic technology. By the beginning of the 20th century, the length of state telegraph lines amounted to 127 thousand miles. By that time, underwater telegraph cables had been laid connecting Russia with Denmark and Sweden. Russian telegraph lines were connected to telegraph lines in China and Japan. If in 1897 14 million internal telegrams were sent, then in 1912 more than 36 million were already sent.
Slide 9
Telegram - a message sent by telegraph, one of the first types of communication using electrical transmission of information. Telegrams are transmitted, as a rule, by wire, using Morse code. Telegrams are printed on paper tape, which is then pasted onto a piece of paper for ease of reading. Telegraph (from the Greek tele - "far" + grapho - "I write") - in the modern sense - a means for transmitting a signal over wires or other telecommunication channels. Electrical new connection
Slide 10
slide 11
Satellite connection
Satellite communication is one of the types of radio communication based on the use of artificial earth satellites as repeaters. Satellite communication is carried out between earth stations, which can be both stationary and mobile. Network subscribers in the regions will receive the following services via satellite communication channel: fax, telephone, Internet, radio and TV programs.
slide 12
Digital communication is a field of technology related to the transmission of digital data over a distance.
slide 13
Telex communication
By 1930, the design of a start-stop telegraph apparatus equipped with a telephone-type disk dialer (teletype) was created. This type of telegraph apparatus, among other things, made it possible to personalize the subscribers of the telegraph network and to quickly connect them.
Slide 14
E-mail (eng. E-mail or email, abbr. from electronic mail) - a method of transmitting information to computer networks, widely used on the Internet.
The main feature of e-mail: information is sent to the recipient not directly, but through an intermediate link - electronic mailbox, which is the location on the server where the message is stored until requested by the recipient.
slide 15
Cellular communication is one of the types of mobile radio communication, which is based on a cellular network.
Cellular phone - a mobile communication device that uses a combination of radio transmission and traditional telephone switching to carry out telephone communications in an area (coverage area) consisting of "cells" surrounding base stations of a cellular network. Currently, cellular communication is the most widespread of all types. mobile communications, which is why it is usually called a mobile phone cellular telephone, although mobile phones, in addition to cellular phones, also include cordless phones, satellite phones, and trunked communication devices. Penetration cellular communication in Russia it was 87%, and in Moscow and St. Petersburg it has already reached the milestone of 100%.
Slide 17
The number of Russians who have at their disposal mobile phones, rose from 40% in mid-2005 to 52% this year. More than half of Russians, 55%, already use telephone communications at home (there have been one percent increase over the year). According to sociologists, the number of Russians who have a computer at home is also growing - now 20% of respondents have it (15% a year ago). As the study showed, now 19% of Russians (against 17% a year ago) use personal computer daily or several times a week at home, at work and in other places, 5% - about once a week (3%), never use a computer - 73% (last year - 76%).
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In the modern world, there are various means of communication that are constantly evolving and improving. Even such a traditional type of communication as a postal message (delivery of messages in writing) has undergone significant changes. This information is delivered by railroads and airplanes instead of the old mail coaches.
With the development of science and technology, new types of communication appear. So in the 19th century, a wire telegraph appeared, through which information was transmitted using Morse code, and then the telegraph was invented, in which dots and dashes were replaced by letters. But this type of communication required long transmission lines, laying cables under the ground and water, in which information was transmitted by means of electrical signals. The need for transmission lines remained in the transmission of information by telephone.
At the end of the 19th century, radio communication appeared - the wireless transmission of electrical signals over long distances using radio waves (electromagnetic waves with a frequency in the Hz range). But for the development of this type of communication, it was necessary to increase its range, and for this it was necessary to increase the power of transmitters and the sensitivity of receivers receiving a weak radio signal. These problems were gradually solved with the advent of new inventions - vacuum tubes in 1913, and after the Second World War they began to be replaced by semiconductor integrated circuits. Powerful transmitters and sensitive receivers appeared, their sizes decreased, and their parameters improved. But the problem remained - how to make radio waves go around the globe.
And the property of electromagnetic waves was used to be partially reflected at the interface between two media (waves were reflected weakly from the surface of the dielectric, and almost without loss from the conducting surface). As such a reflective surface, the layer of the earth's ionosphere, the upper layer of the atmosphere consisting of ionized gases, began to be used).
Back in 1902, English mathematician Oliver Heaviside and American electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly almost simultaneously predicted that an ionized layer of air exists above the Earth - a natural mirror that reflects electromagnetic waves. This layer was called the ionosphere. The Earth's ionosphere was supposed to make it possible to increase the range of propagation of radio waves to distances exceeding the line of sight. Experimentally, this assumption was proven in Radio frequency pulses were transmitted vertically upwards and returned signals were received. Measurements of the time between sending and receiving pulses made it possible to determine the height and number of reflection layers.
Reflected from the ionosphere, short waves return to the Earth, leaving hundreds of kilometers of the "dead zone" under them. Having traveled to the ionosphere and back, the wave does not “calm down”, but is reflected from the surface of the Earth and again rushes to the ionosphere, where it is reflected again, etc. Thus, repeatedly reflected, the radio wave can go around the globe several times. It was found that the reflection height depends primarily on the wavelength. The shorter the wave, the higher its reflection occurs and, consequently, the larger the “dead zone”. This dependence is true only for the short-wavelength part of the spectrum (up to approximately 25–30 MHz). For shorter wavelengths, the ionosphere is transparent. Waves penetrate it through and through and go into outer space. It can be seen from the figure that the reflection depends not only on the frequency, but also on the time of day. This is due to the fact that the ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation and gradually loses its reflectivity with the onset of darkness. The degree of ionization also depends on solar activity, which varies throughout the year and from year to year in a seven-year cycle.
This layer perfectly reflects radio waves from a length of meters. Repeatedly and alternately reflected from the ion of the sphere and the surface of the earth, short radio waves go around the globe, transmitting information to the most remote parts of the planet. After being telephone invented and found ways to implement long-range radio communications, naturally there was a desire to combine these two achievements. It was necessary to solve the problem of transmitting low-frequency electrical vibrations created by the vibration of the telephone receiver membrane under the influence of the human voice. And it was solved by mixing these low frequency vibrations with the high frequency electrical vibrations of the radio transmitter. The form of high-frequency radio waves changed in strict accordance with what sounds gave rise to low-frequency electrical vibrations. Sound vibrations began to propagate at the speed of radio waves. In the radio receiver, the mixed radio signal was separated and low-frequency sound vibrations reproduced the transmitted sounds.
Significant achievements in the development of means of communication were the inventions of the phototelegraph and television communications. Video signals are transmitted with the help of these means of communication. Now, with the help of phototelegraphy, the text of newspapers and various information are transmitted over great distances. The number of television channels that occupy the region of ultra-high radio frequencies from 50 to 900 MHz is constantly growing. Each television channel is about 6 MHz wide. Within the operating frequency of the channel, 3 signals are transmitted: audio, transmitted by the method of frequency modulation; video signal transmitted by the method of amplitude modulation; synchronization signal.
Naturally, for the implementation of television communications, two transmitters are already needed: one for sound, the other for video signals. The next step in the improvement of television communications was the invention of color television. But modern requirements for communication facilities all the time require their further improvement, now the introduction of digital information, image, sound transmission systems is beginning, which in the future will replace the current analog television. Television receivers of the new generation allow you to receive digital and analog transmissions. Familiar TV screens and displays are being replaced by liquid crystal displays. Liquid crystal silicone displays using thin-film technology can dramatically reduce energy consumption due to the fact that the backlight of the screen is not needed. Sharp TVs have already been created with new features that have access to the Internet and allow you to use email. The use of digital systems, liquid crystals, and optical fibers in communication means made it possible at the turn of the century to solve several extremely important problems for humans at once: reducing energy consumption, reducing (or, conversely, increasing) the size of equipment, multifunctionality, and accelerating information exchange.
With the help of such communication satellites, a variety of information is transmitted: from radio and television broadcasts to top-secret military information. Recently, a communications satellite was launched to carry out financial transactions by Russian banks, which will greatly speed up the passage of payments in such a vast territory as our country. Entire networks are created satellite communications, which will make it extremely simple for Russian regional users to access global information flows. Network subscribers in the regions will receive the following services via satellite communication channel: fax, telephone, Internet, radio and TV programs.
"The Russian army in the next two years should be fully equipped with modern digital communications" D.A. Medvedev, 25.05.2010.
The head of state set three priority tasks for
Ministry of Defense:
until 2012 to replace in the Armed Forces
outdated analog communications digital as
at command posts and in the field.
stimulate development and production in Russia
the latest telecommunications equipment and
software
development of communication subsystems in the field of public
security and law enforcement, which could actually reduce the number of crimes.
Glonass
Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS, GLONASS ) - Russian navigation system, developed by order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. One of two systems of global satellite navigation functioning today.
GLONASS is intended for operational navigation and time support for an unlimited number of ground, sea, air and space-based users. Access to civilian GLONASS signals anywhere in the world, on the basis of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, is provided to Russian and foreign consumers free of charge and without restrictions.
Second generation GLONASS satellite
The developer and manufacturer of the satellites is JSC "ISS" named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, the city of Zheleznogorsk. Krasnoyarsk region.
The GLONASS system determines the location of an object with an accuracy of up to 4.5 meters, but in early 2012 the accuracy will be increased from 4.5 meters to 2.5-2.8 meters. And after the two satellites for correcting the signal of the Luch system are put into operation, the accuracy of the GLONASS navigation signal will increase to one meter. (Previously, the system only determined the location of an object with an accuracy of 50 m.
Army in 3D
In a training battle, a reconnaissance motorized rifle unit must obtain as much information as possible in a unit of time.
Everything must be taken into account: the location of the enemy, the features of the terrain, the presence of ditches, hollows, communications. One visual observation is not limited here, aerial reconnaissance, which is carried out by an unmanned aerial vehicle, will be a good addition.
All information received about the situation on the battlefield is displayed on a special interactive electronic map.
It allows you to watch the full picture of the battle. One could only dream of such opportunities when using ordinary paper maps. According to Anton Apanasenko, who is the acting commander of the reconnaissance battalion, published on the Vesti website, it used to take a lot of time to build various graphs, build terrain patterns used to determine the visibility zones of objects. When using an electronic map, all this information is updated in a few mouse clicks every second.
The development of military electronic maps is carried out by the 38th Central Aerial Photo-Topographic Detachment, located in Noginsk, Moscow Region. A huge number of satellite images flock here, after which they are tied to the terrain in the coordinate system. The photographs are used to create maps. Detachment commander Alexei Anisov notes that the unit uses equipment and software only Russian-made, directly used in the process of creating topographic maps in electronic form. At the moment, digital versions of space aerial photographs are used for this.